General Science – RRB “60-Minute” Master Revision Sheet
(Keep it on your phone; revise in last metro ride to the centre!)

SECTION-1 : 30 CORE CONCEPTS (TOPMOST)

1. Atom: Smallest unit of matter that retains chemical properties.
2. Isotopes: Same Z, different A (e.g. ¹H, ²H, ³H).
3. pH scale: 0-6 acid, 7 neutral, 8-14 base; pH = –log[H⁺].
4. Ohm’s Law: V = IR; 1 Ω = 1 V/A.
5. Power: P = VI = I²R = V²/R; 1 unit = 1 kWh = 3.6 × 10⁶ J.
6. Lens formula: 1/f = 1/v – 1/u; power P(D) = 100/f(cm).
7. Newton-1: Inertia ∝ mass.
8. Newton-2: F = ma (vector).
9. Newton-3: Action = –Reaction (different bodies).
10. KE = ½mv²; PE = mgh; Total ME = KE + PE.
11. 1 cal = 4.18 J; 1 BTU ≈ 1055 J.
12. Specific heat water: 1 cal g⁻¹ °C⁻¹ = 4200 J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹.
13. Boyle’s: PV = const (T const); Charles: V/T = const (P const).
14. Speed light: 3 × 10⁸ m/s; speed sound air: 332 m/s (20 °C).
15. Refractive index: n = c/v; critical angle sin θc = 1/n.
16. Faraday-1st: 1 mol e⁻ = 1 F = 96500 C.
17. Oxidation: loss e⁻; Reduction: gain e⁻; OIL RIG.
18. Photosynthesis: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ (chlorophyll, sunlight).
19. Respiration: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + 38 ATP.
20. Blood groups: ABO + Rh; universal donor O⁻, recipient AB⁺.
21. Normal BP: 120/80 mmHg; HR: 72 min⁻¹.
22. Human normal temp: 37 °C (98.6 °F).
23. Vaccine vs serum: vaccine = Ag (prevention); serum = ready Ab (cure).
24. Vitamins: Fat A-D-E-K; water B-C; night-blind → A; scurvy → C; rickets → D; beri-beri → B₁.
25. Chromosomes: 46 (23 pairs) human; 44 + XX/XY.
26. Ohm-meter: Insulator ρ↑, conductor ρ↓; silver best.
27. Earth wire: Green; Fuse wire: Pb+Sn alloy; MCB magnetic + bimetal.
28. Work = F·s·cosθ; 1 hp = 746 W.
29. Relative density = ρsub/ρwater; RD < 1 ⇒ float.
30. Latent heat ice: 80 cal g⁻¹ (or 336 kJ kg⁻¹).

SECTION-2 : 15 MUST-KNOW FORMULAS & CALC SHORTCUTS

1. Density = m/V ⇒ trick: water 1 g/cc ⇒ 1000 kg/m³.
2. Relative speed: same dir. → diff; opp. → sum.
3. Mirror magnification m = –v/u; |m| > 1 ⇒ enlarged.
4. Series R = R₁+R₂; Parallel 1/R = 1/R₁+1/R₂ (product/sum for 2).
5. Series cells: Eeq = nE, req = nr; Parallel Eeq = E, req = r/n.
6. % efficiency = (output/input) × 100; always < 100 (2nd law).
7. Heat H = I²Rt (Joule); 1 H.P. lift 75 kg 1 m in 1 s.
8. Echo min distance d = vt/2 = 332×0.1/2 ≈ 16.6 m.
9. Frequency f = 1/T; λ = v/f; for EM wave c = fλ.
10. Atomic mass ≈ 2 × valency (for metals up to Ca).
11. Normality N = n × M; n = acidity/basicity.
12. RMS speed gas ∝ √(T/M); doubles if T 4×.
13. gplanet = gearth × (Mplanet/Me) × (Re/Rplanet)².
14. Escape velocity ve = √(2gR) ≈ 11.2 km/s Earth.
15. Banking tan θ = v²/rg; no friction needed at that speed.

SECTION-3 : 50 GOLDEN FACTS & FIGURES

1. Light year ≈ 9.46 × 10¹⁵ m.
2. 1 AU ≈ 1.496 × 10¹¹ m.
3. Parsec ≈ 3.26 ly ≈ 3.08 × 10¹⁶ m.
4. Human RBC life: 120 days; WBC: 7–14 days.
5. Haemoglobin: 15 g/100 mL; each Hb carries 4 O₂.
6. pH blood: 7.4; gastric juice: 1.5–3.5.
7. Urea formula: CO(NH₂)₂.
8. Laughing gas: N₂O.
9. Tear gas: Chloropicrin (CCl₃NO₂).
10. Heavy water: D₂O; molar mass 20 g.
11. Hardest natural: Diamond (10 Mohs).
12. Best conductor: Ag > Cu > Au > Al.
13. Tungsten: highest m.p. metal (3410 °C).
14. Helium: lowest b.p. gas (–268.9 °C).
15. Hydrogen: most abundant universe; Oxygen: earth crust.
16. CO₂ solid: dry ice (–78 °C).
17. Marsh gas: CH₄.
18. Producer gas: CO + N₂.
19. Water gas: CO + H₂.
20. CNG: compressed CH₄ (>90 %).
21. LPG: 70 % propane + 30 % butane.
22. Bronze: Cu + Sn (90:10).
23. Brass: Cu + Zn (70:30).
24. Stainless steel: Fe + Cr + Ni (18:8).
25. Gun metal: Cu 88, Sn 10, Zn 2.
26. Solder: Pb + Sn (50:50).
27. Bleaching powder: CaOCl₂.
28. Baking soda: NaHCO₃.
29. Washing soda: Na₂CO₃·10H₂O.
30. Plaster of Paris: CaSO₄·½H₂O.
31. White vitriol: ZnSO₄·7H₂O.
32. Blue vitriol: CuSO₄·5H₂O.
33. Green vitriol: FeSO₄·7H₂O.
34. Mohr’s salt: (NH₄)₂SO₄·FeSO₄·6H₂O.
35. Aqua regia: conc. HCl + HNO₃ (3:1).
36. King of chemicals: H₂SO₄.
37. King of metals: Gold.
38. Lightest metal: Li; heaviest gas: Rn.
39. Human DNA bp: ~3.2 billion.
40. Smallest bone: stapes (ear).
41. Largest gland: liver; largest organ: skin.
42. Normal vision: 6/6 (20/20 ft).
43. Colour blindness: X-linked; males > females.
44. SI unit activity: Becquerel (Bq); 1 Ci = 3.7×10¹⁰ Bq.
45. Fuse rating: I = P/V (amp) nearest standard.
46. India time zone: +5:30 UTC; 82.5°E.
47. Escape velocity moon: 2.4 km/s.
48. GSLV MkIII capacity: 4 ton to GTO.
49. Mangalyaan launch: 5 Nov 2013; orbit 24 Sep 2014.
50. India’s 1st nuclear reactor: Apsara (1956).

SECTION-4 : RRB PREVIOUS-YEAR TREND (2020-24)

Approx. Q distribution (30 Q out of 100):
Biology 12 (40 %) > Chemistry 8 > Physics 6 > Misc (space, computer, units) 4.
Top hit sub-topics:
• Vitamins & diseases, Blood groups, Photosynthesis/respiration, pH, Oxidation-reduction, Ohm’s law, Mirror-lens formula, Power-energy units, Isotopes, Alloys, Chemical names of common salts, Human body facts, Escape velocity, Banking of roads, Echo, Colour code of wires, Fuse, Satellite nicknames.

SECTION-5 : 100 ONE-LINER CAPSULE (HIGH-FREQ)

1. OH⁻ ion = base; H⁺ = acid.
2. Cu₂O = red; CuO = black.
3. Conc. H₂SO₄ dehydrates sugar → black foam.
4. lodine test → blue-black with starch.
5. FeCl₃ + NH₄SCN → blood-red [Fe(SCN)]²⁺.
6. Zn + H₂SO₄ → H₂; Cu + dil H₂SO₄ → no H₂.
7. Aqua regia dissolves Au & Pt.
8. 2,4-DNP test carbonyl.
9. Tollen’s reagent → silver mirror (aldehyde).
10. Fehling A+B → red ppt (aldehyde).
11. Hard water → not lather with soap.
12. Temporary hardness → Ca(HCO₃)₂; permanent → CaSO₄.
13. Clark’s method: Ca(OH)₂; Calgon: Na₆P₆O₁₈.
14. Bauxite ore Al; Haematite Fe; Copper pyrites CuFeS₂.
15. Hall-Héroult: Al electrolysis.
16. Contact process: H₂SO₄; Ostwald: HNO₃.
17. Haber: NH₃ (Fe + Mo, 450 °C, 200 atm).
18. Orlon = PAN; Terylene = PET; Natural rubber = cis-1,4-polyisoprene.
19. Vulcanisation: S 3-5 %.
20. Bakelite: phenol + formaldehyde.
21. PVC: monomer vinyl chloride.
22. BOD high → polluted water.
23. Montreal protocol → O₃ depletion.
24. Greenhouse gas max % → H₂O vapour, but CO₂ driver.
25. Acid rain pH < 5.6.
26. Eutrophication → algal bloom → O₂↓.
27. Minamata disease → Hg.
28. Itai-itai → Cd.
29. Blue baby → NO₃⁻.
30. Sound > 120 dB → pain.
31. Ultrasonic f > 20 kHz.
32. SONAR → ultrasound.
33. Mach 1 ≈ 332 m/s; Mach 2 = twice.
34. Rainbow: 42° red, 40° violet.
35. Dispersion → prism; scattering → red sunset (Rayleigh λ⁻⁴).
36. Myopia → concave; Hypermetropia → convex.
37. Presbyopia → bifocal.
38. Astigmatism → cylindrical lens.
39. 1 dioptre = 1 m⁻¹.
40. LASER: Light Amplification Stimulated Emission Radiation.
41. LED: p-n junction; spontaneous.
42. LCD: nematic crystal.
43. Fiber optic: total internal reflection.
44. Transformer: step-up Ns > Np; Vs/Vp = Ns/Np = Ip/Is.
45. Dynamo: AC → slip ring; DC → split ring (commutator).
46. Motor rule: Fleming left; Gen rule: right.
47. Earth wire → green; Neutral → black; Live → red.
48. LED bulb 9 W ≈ 60 W incandescent.
49. Star colour hot→cold: O B A F G K M (Oh Be A Fine Girl/Guy Kiss Me).
50. Proxima Centauri: nearest star 4.24 ly.
51. Sirius: brightest night star.
52. Andromeda: nearest spiral galaxy.
53. Jupiter: largest, fastest spin.
54. Venus: hottest (CO₂), retrograde, longest day.
55. Mars: red (Fe₂O₃), 2 moons Phobos Deimos.
56. Saturn: least dense (0.7 g/cc), 146 moons.
57. Titan: Saturn moon N₂ atm.
58. Ganymede: biggest moon (Jupiter).
59. Halley comet: 76 yr; last 1986, next 2061.
60. Sputnik-1: 4 Oct 1957.
61. Yuri Gagarin: 12 Apr 1961.
62. Rakesh Sharma: 3 Apr 1984 (Aboard Soyuz T-11).
63. Kalpana Chawla: 1st India-born woman space (1997).
64. Gaganyaan: 3 crew, 2025 target.
65. Chandrayaan-3: 23 Aug 2023, Vikram lander, Pragyan rover.
66. Aditya-L1: Sun mission, Lagrange-1.
67. SSLV: 3 solid stage, 500 km, 2022 1st flight.
68. NISAR: NASA-ISRO SAR, 2024.
69. Hepatitis viruses: A-E; only B DNA, others RNA.
70. Polio: RNA, enterovirus; oral (Sabin) live, inject (Salk) killed.
71. COVID-19: SARS-CoV-2, RNA, +ve sense.
72. Penicillin: 1st antibiotic, Fleming 1928.
73. Insulin: Banting Best 1922; human recombinant 1982.
74. Vaccine 1st: Edward Jenner 1796 (smallpox).
75. DPT: 3-in-1; MMR: 3-in-1.
76. Pulse polio: 1995 India.
77. India smallpox free: 1975; polio free: 2014.
78. COVID vaccine 1st: Covishield, Covaxin 16 Jan 2021.
79. Gene editing: CRISPR-Cas9.
80. Human genome project: 2003, $2.7 b.
81. DNA: double; RNA: single; Uracil replaces thymine.
82. mRNA: template; tRNA: adapter; rRNA: ribosome.
83. Mitochondria: powerhouse; chloroplast: kitchen.
84. Lysosome: suicide bag.
85. Ribosome: protein factory; Svedberg unit.
86. Cell theory: Schleiden Schwann 1838; Virchow “omnis cellula…”.
87. Prokaryote: no nucleus; Eukaryote: nucleus.
88. Longest cell: human neuron.
89. Largest single cell: ostrich egg.
90. Smallest cell: PPLO (Mycoplasma).
91. SI units: cd (luminous), mol (amount), K (temp), A (current).
92. Supplementary SI: rad (angle), sr (solid angle).
93. 1 Å = 10⁻¹⁰ m; 1 nm = 10 Å.
94. 1 Fermi = 10⁻¹⁵ m; 1 barn = 10⁻²⁸ m².
95. 1 atm = 1.013 bar = 760 mmHg = 101325 Pa.
96. 1 horsepower = 746 W; 1 calorie = 4.18 J.
97. 1 eV = 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ J.
98. Unified mass unit: 1 u = 931.5 MeV/c².
99. 1 carat = 200 mg; 1 ounce = 28.35 g.
100. 1 barrel oil = 159 L.

SECTION-6 : 10 COMMON CONFUSIONS CLEARED

SECTION-7 : MEMORY TRICKS

1. Spectrum order: “ROY G. BIV” → Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet.
2. Planets sequence: “My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Noodles” (Mer Venus Earth Mars Jup Sat Uran Nep).
3. Taxonomy hierarchy: “Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup” (Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species).
4. Essential amino acids: “PVT TIM HALL” (Phe Val Thr Trp Ile Met His Arg Leu Lys).
5. Cranial nerves: “On Old Olympus Towering Top…” (12 names, 1st letter).
6. Monsoon crops: “Kharif = Rainy, Rabi = Winter” (K-R, R-W).
7. Alkali metals: Group-1 “LiNa Ki Ruby Cs Françoise” (Li Na K Rb Cs Fr).
8. Halogens: Group-17 “FCl Br I At Ts” (F Cl Br I At Ts).
9. Wires colour: “Live Red, Neutral Black, Earth Green” → “Rango Ne Earth ko Green kiya” Hindi mnemonic.
10. Mirror formula sign: “U V F” → “UVF” camera brand → remember 1/f = 1/v + 1/u with sign convention.

SECTION-8 : LAST-HOUR REVISION (TOP-20)

1. pH < 7 acid; > 7 base; = 7 neutral.
2. Oxidation = loss e⁻; Reduction = gain e⁻.
3. Series R add; Parallel 1/R add-reciprocal.
4. Power units: kWh (energy); kW (power); 1 unit = 1 kWh.
5. Lens: 1/f = 1/v – 1/u; P(D) = 100/f(cm).
6. Kepler-3: T² ∝ R³.
7. Escape velocity Earth 11.2 km/s; moon 2.4 km/s.
8. Blood group O⁻ universal donor; AB⁺ universal recipient.
9. Vitamin C → scurvy; D → rickets; B₁ → beri-beri; A → night-blind.
10. Photosynthesis: CO₂ + H₂O → glucose + O₂ (chlorophyll, light).
11. CO₂ + lime water → milky (CaCO₃); excess → clear (Ca(HCO₃)₂).
12. Aqua regia = 3 HCl + 1 HNO₃.
13. Haematite Fe; Bauxite Al; Galena Pb.
14. Alloys: Brass Cu+Zn; Bronze Cu+Sn; Stainless Fe+Cr+Ni.
15. Heavy water D₂O; hard water Ca/Mg salts.
16. 1 light year = 9.46 × 10¹⁵ m; 1 AU = 1.5 × 10¹¹ m.
17. Mach 1 = 332 m/s; echo min 16.6 m.
18. Transformer: step-up Ns > Np; Vs/Vp = Ns/Np.
19. India’s 1st n-reactor Apsara; 1st satellite Aryabhata.
20. Chandrayaan-3 landed 23 Aug 2023; Aditya-L1 at L1 point.

HOW TO USE THIS SHEET

1. First read Sections 1→4 (15 min) – builds framework.
2. Skim Section-5 one-liners (25 min) – rapid fire memory.
3. Glance Sections 6-7 (5 min) – kill confusion & store tricks.
4. Final 15 min: keep chanting Section-8 like a mantra till you enter the hall.

Total ≈ 60 min → entire General Science revised!
Good luck, crack RRB in flying colours.