C.3] International Organizations, Locations and Their Headquarters

1. United Nations (UN)

1.1 Overview

• Established: 24 October 1945
• Headquarters: New York, USA
• Purpose: Promote international cooperation, maintain peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, and encourage respect for human rights.

1.2 Main Organs

1.3 UN Security Council (UNSC)

• Composition: 15 members (5 permanent: USA, Russia, China, UK, France; 10 non-permanent, elected for 2-year term)
• Functions: Enforces international law, authorizes military action, and imposes sanctions.
• Key Resolutions:
  • Resolution 2334 (2017): Condemned Israeli settlement activities in occupied territories.
  • Resolution 1973 (2011): Authorised a no-fly zone over Libya.

1.4 Associated Bodies

2. World Health Organization (WHO)

2.1 Overview

• Established: 7 April 1948
• Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland
• Functions: Promote health, set standards, provide technical assistance, and monitor global health trends.

2.2 Key Initiatives

• Global Health Observatory (GHO): Provides data on health indicators.
• World Health Day: Celebrated on 7 April.
• WHO Emergency Response: Coordinates responses to health crises like the Ebola outbreak (2014) and the COVID-19 pandemic (2020).

3. International Monetary Fund (IMF)

3.1 Overview

• Established: 27 December 1945
• Headquarters: Washington, D.C., USA
• Functions: Monitor global economic trends, provide loans to member countries, and promote international monetary cooperation.

3.2 Key Features

• Quota System: Determines voting power and financial contributions.
• Special Drawing Rights (SDRs): Reserve currency used to supplement member countries’ official reserves.
• Key Loans:
  • Extended Fund Facility (EFF): For countries in financial distress.
  • Rapid Financing Facility (RFF): For urgent financial needs.

4. World Bank

4.1 Overview

• Established: 27 December 1945
• Headquarters: Washington, D.C., USA
• Functions: Provide financial and technical assistance for development projects, reduce poverty, and promote sustainable growth.

4.2 Key Components

• International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD): Provides loans to middle-income and creditworthy low-income countries.
• International Development Association (IDA): Offers interest-free loans and grants to low-income countries.
• World Bank Group (WBG): Includes IBRD, IDA, IFC, MIGA, and ICSID.

5. Regional Organizations

5.1 ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)

• Established: 8 August 1967
• Headquarters: Jakarta, Indonesia
• Members: Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam
• Key Initiatives:
  • ASEAN Way: Emphasizes consensus, non-interference, and informal dialogue.
  • ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA): Established in 1992, aims to reduce trade barriers.
  • ASEAN+3 (China, Japan, South Korea): Focuses on economic cooperation.

5.2 European Union (EU)

• Established: 1957 (Treaty of Rome)
• Headquarters: Brussels, Belgium
• Members: 27 countries (excluding UK post-Brexit)
• Key Institutions:
  • European Commission: Proposes and enforces EU laws.
  • European Parliament: Elected by EU citizens.
  • Council of the European Union: Represents member states.
  • European Court of Justice: Ensures uniform application of EU law.
• Key Policies:
  • Schengen Area: Open borders among 26 EU countries.
  • Eurozone: 19 countries using the Euro as currency.
  • Single Market: Free movement of goods, services, capital, and people.

5.3 South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)

• Established: 8 December 1985
• Headquarters: Kathmandu, Nepal
• Members: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
• Key Initiatives:
  • SAARC Secretariat: Coordinates regional cooperation.
  • SAARC Human Rights Commission: Promotes human rights.
  • SAARC Development Fund: Supports poverty alleviation and infrastructure.

5.4 African Union (AU)

• Established: 9 July 2002 (replaced OAU)
• Headquarters: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
• Members: 55 countries
• Key Initiatives:
  • African Union Convention on Security and Cooperation in Africa (AU-COMESA): Promotes peace and security.
  • African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA): Largest free trade area in the world, launched in 2021.
  • African Union Peace and Security Council (PSC): Addresses conflicts and promotes peace.

6. Key Facts for Competitive Exams

• UNSC has 5 permanent members with veto power.
• WHO is the only UN agency with a direct mandate on health.
• IMF and World Bank are both headquartered in Washington, D.C.
• ASEAN is the largest regional economic group in the world.
• EU has the largest economy in the world.
• SAARC includes India and Pakistan, which are major South Asian countries.
• AU is the second-largest continent in the world by area.